I. INTRODUCTION

II. PRINCIPLES OF NOx FORMATION AND NOx EMISSIONS
A. NOx FORMATION MECHANISMS
1. THERMAL NOx FORMATION
2. FUEL NOx FORMATION
3. FEED NOx FORMATION
4. PROMPT NOx FORMATION
B. REVIEW OF NOx EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT KILNS

III. CEMENT KILN OPERATIONS. VARIABILITY AND CONTROL OF NOx EMISSIONS
A. CEMENT KILN OPERATIONS
B. OPERATING VARIABILITY IN CEMENT KILNS
C. NOx VARIABILITY IN CEMENT KILNS
D. NOx CONTROL IN CEMENT KILNS

IV. DETERMINATION OF THE APPLICABILITY OF NOx CONTROL TECHNIQUES TO ROTARY CEMENT KILNS
A. POTENTIAL NOx CONTROL TECHNIQUES
1. PROCESS CONTROLS
2. COMBUSTION MODIFICATION
2.a. Low NOx Burners
2.b. Flue Gas Recirculation
2.c. Secondary Combustion
2.d. Staged Combustion
2.e. Reburning
3. POST COMBUSTION CONTROL
3.a. Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR)
3.b. Selective Catalytic Reduction
3.c. Catalytic Fabric Filtration
3.d. Nonthermal Plasma
B. NOx CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO AND FEASIBLE FOR CEMENT KILNS
1. PROCESS CONTROLS
2. COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS WITH INDIRECT FIRING AND LOW NOx BURNERS
3. SECONDARY COMBUSTION WITH MID-KILN FIRING OF FUEL
4. SECONDARY COMBUSTION IN PRECALCINERS AND PREHEATERS WITH RISER DUCT FIRING
5. POST COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REACTORS (SNCR)

V. CAPITAL COSTS, ANNUAL COSTS, AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF APPLICABLE NOx REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
A. GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS
1. EXCEPTIONS TO EPA'S ASSUMPTIONS
2. COST CALCULATION METHODOLOGY
B. PROCESS CONTROLS (COMBUSTION ZONE CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE AND EXCESS AIR)
C. COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS (CONVERSION TO INDIRECT FIRING WITH A LOW NOx BURNER)
D. SECONDARY COMBUSTION (MID-KILN FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM)
E. STAGED COMBUSTION (LOW NOx PRECALCINER)
F. POST COMBUSTION CONTROL (SELECTIVE NONCATALYTIC REDUCTION)
1. AMMONIA BASED SNCR
2. BIOSOLIDS INJECTION SYSTEM (BSI)